Depth study: South Africa, c.1940–c.1994 — IGCSE History (0977) questions by topic

Questions here trace opposition to apartheid through individuals and organisations: Steve Biko's role, the African National Congress's development to 1963, the Pan Africanist Congress, and trade unions' resistance after 1978 all feature as separate points of focus.

How-far, explain, identify and describe lead the command words, worth from 20 to 40 marks, across 6 questions drawn from the 2023 papers. Because how-far questions here ask you to weigh one individual or organisation's significance against others, practise building a case for and against before concluding, then use instant marking to see whether your judgement was clearly supported rather than asserted.

May–June 2023, Paper 42

Question 11 · 40 marks

How important was the African National Congress (ANC) in the development of opposition to apartheid by 1963? Explain your answer.

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Question 12 · 40 marks

How significant were trade unions in the resistance to white minority rule after 1978? Explain your answer.

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October–November 2023, Paper 11

Question 19 · 20 marks

Opponents of apartheid had a difficult task in the years up to 1966. What was the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)?

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Question 20 · 20 marks

The ending of white minority rule was a difficult process. Describe the situation facing de Klerk when he became President in 1989.

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October–November 2023, Paper 41

Question 11 · 40 marks

How important was government legislation on land ownership to the maintenance of segregation in South Africa before 1948? Explain your answer.

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Question 12 · 40 marks

How significant was Steve Biko in challenging white minority rule in South Africa? Explain your answer.

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Other IGCSE History topics

← All IGCSE History (0977) past papers