IGCSE History (0470) — October–November 2023, Paper 13

1848–49 was a period of upheaval in Europe. In France, what was a 'reform banquet'?

Certain individuals and places were important to Italian unification. Describe Garibaldi's campaign in Sicily and Naples in 1860.

The unification of Germany was dependent on many factors. Describe the main events of the Franco-Prussian War.

Divisions between North and South remained after the Civil War. Describe the establishment of the Confederacy in 1861.

Few people were satisfied with the outcome of the Paris peace settlement. What were President Wilson's 'Fourteen Points'?

Many factors contributed to the collapse of peace in the 1930s. Describe events in the Rhineland in March 1936.

The wartime alliance broke down quickly at the end of the war. What agreements about Germany were made at the Potsdam Conference?

The First Gulf War had severe consequences for Iraq. Describe the invasion of Kuwait in August 1990.

Fighting on the Western Front was difficult and many soldiers' lives were lost. What was the 'Western Front'?

The First World War was not only fought on the Western Front. What were 'Q-ships'?

Hitler gained and consolidated power in the early 1930s. What measures did Hitler take to remove opposition in 1933?

The Nazis used different techniques to maintain control. Describe the use of mass rallies by the Nazis.

The Tsarist regime attempted to strengthen its position in the years up to 1914. What changes did Stolypin make to Russian agriculture?

Stalin used terror to maintain his position. How did Stalin deal with Trotsky after defeating him in the power struggle?

The 1920s were years of restrictions and discrimination for some Americans. What was the 'Red Scare'?

The New Deal met with mixed reactions from Americans. What were the 'alphabet agencies'?

The Communists faced a struggle to gain control in China. What were the extermination campaigns?

Relations between China and other countries changed over time. Describe the assistance given to China by the Soviet Union in the 1950s.

The apartheid system was consolidated in the 1960s. What happened at the Rivonia Trial?

South Africa faced many challenges by the 1980s. What was the Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)?

Israel's relationships with its neighbours were often difficult. Describe the events of 6 October 1973.

The Palestinian people struggled to gain recognition. Describe the aims of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO).