IGCSE History (0977) — May–June 2024, Paper 12

Many different factors contributed to the achievement of Italian unification. What were the Carbonari?

In the nineteenth century powerful forces were driving Germany towards unification. What was the issue of the Spanish succession, 1868–70?

US presidents faced many problems in the nineteenth century. Describe how President Grant supported Reconstruction.

In the second half of the nineteenth century imperialism took many different forms. Describe the role of the United States in Cuba between the Treaty of Paris (1898) and 1906.

The Treaty of Versailles had important consequences for Germany. What land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

German foreign policy led to war in Europe. What was the Saar plebiscite of 1935?

There was much tension in the early years of the Cold War. What happened in the Greek Civil War?

Soviet power in Eastern Europe eventually collapsed. Who was Alexander Dubček?

The Allied war effort was supported by many different countries. Describe Japan's contribution to the Allied war effort.

There were several fronts in the First World War. Describe what happened in the Battle of Jutland.

After a long wait, Hitler was firmly in power by the end of 1934. Describe the events in 1932–33 that led to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in January 1933.

Women, children and the family were important to the Nazis. Describe how women helped the German war effort.

The years 1917 to 1928 were turbulent ones for Russia. What was the Kronstadt Rising?

Stalin made huge changes to Soviet agriculture and industry. Describe how villages were collectivised.

The United States faced many problems in the 1920s. What was the 'Red Scare'?

Roosevelt had to deal with much opposition to the New Deal. Describe how Roosevelt reacted to the Supreme Court decisions of 1935–36 about the New Deal.

Britain, Japan and the United States all had interests in the Asia-Pacific. Describe relations between Japan and the United States in the period before the attack on Pearl Harbor.

By the end of 1945 the Second World War was over. What was 'island hopping'?