AS & A Level Marine Science (9693) — May–June 2023, Paper 12

Fig. 1.1 shows a map of the Mediterranean Sea, marking the Strait of Gibraltar, the Western Mediterranean, the Strait of Sicily and the Eastern Mediterranean, with a dashed line…

Fig. 2.1 shows a map of the Pacific Ocean and the surrounding countries, with the equator marked. The El Nino Southern Oscillation, ENSO, occurs in the Pacific Ocean. ENSO has two…

Fig. 3.1 shows a view from above of paleomagnetic stripes on part of a sea bed. The key shows the ages of the rocks: lightest shade = 0-1 million years old; medium shade = 1-3…

Manta rays live in a close relationship with remora fish. Describe the relationship between manta rays and remora fish.

Mangrove forests grow on the shores of many tropical and subtropical countries. Discuss the ecological and economic importance of mangrove forests.

Describe the carbon cycle in a marine ecosystem.

Species from the open ocean and organisms living on coral reefs have different types of niche. Explain the meaning of the term niche using examples from coral reefs and the open…