AS & A Level Economics (9708) — May–June 2025, Paper 32

30 questions · every question answerable online with instant point-by-point AI marking against the official mark scheme.

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Question 1 · 1 mark · Reasons for individual demand curves having a negative slope - budget lines

The diagram shows budget lines for an individual consumer. [Diagram: vertical axis labelled 'good Y', horizontal axis labelled 'good X', origin O. Two parallel downward-sloping…

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Question 2 · 1 mark · Efficiency and market failure - allocative efficiency

When is allocative efficiency achieved? A when a perfectly competitive market is in equilibrium B when everybody who needs the product can obtain it C when firms produce at the…

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Question 3 · 1 mark · Utility - equi-marginal principle and consumer equilibrium

A consumer spends all of their income on only two goods, X and Y. The consumer is initially in equilibrium, maximising their total utility. The consumer's tastes change and they…

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Question 4 · 1 mark · Efficiency and market failure - asymmetric information and moral hazard

When might a moral hazard occur? A When a consumer does not have full information about a product. B When a person undertakes an activity that causes harm to another person. C…

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Question 5 · 1 mark · Costs of production - economies and diseconomies of scale

The diagrams show four average cost curves. Which diagram illustrates diseconomies of scale? [Four diagrams, each with vertical axis '$' and horizontal axis 'output', origin O. A:…

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Question 6 · 1 mark · Market structure - monopolistic competition

What would enable a firm to increase its market share in a monopolistically competitive market? A barriers to entry B collusion C lack of competition D successful advertising

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Question 7 · 1 mark · Growth and survival of firms - integration and mergers

Two manufacturing firms in the same industry, producing similar products, are considering merging together. What would be the least convincing reason for merging? A It would…

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Question 8 · 1 mark · Efficiency and market failure - externalities and government intervention

The marginal social benefit of consuming a drink is less than the marginal private benefit. What would be the best policy to improve resource allocation in this market? A give a…

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Question 9 · 1 mark · Efficiency and market failure - government failure

A country's government banned cigarette smoking in enclosed public spaces, such as offices, shops, bars and restaurants. What is a government failure arising from this ban? A…

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Question 10 · 1 mark · Labour market forces and government intervention - poverty trap

A worker has a low wage. They have little incentive to earn extra income because they will pay more income tax and receive fewer means-tested benefits. What describes this…

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Question 11 · 1 mark · Efficiency and market failure - property rights

What is not an outcome of the existence of private property rights? A They encourage private owners to conserve property when its value is expected to rise. B They give private…

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Question 12 · 1 mark · Labour market forces and government intervention - monopsony and minimum wage

The diagram shows the labour market for a profit maximising industry with a monopsony employer. [Diagram: vertical axis 'wage rate', horizontal axis 'quantity of labour', origin…

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Question 13 · 1 mark · Labour market forces and government intervention - supply of labour

What is not a factor affecting the supply of labour? A emigration rates B labour participation rate C labour productivity D unemployment benefits

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Question 14 · 1 mark · Labour market forces and government intervention - transfer earnings and economic rent

The diagrams show the demand for and supply of labour. [Three diagrams, each with vertical axis 'wage rate' and horizontal axis 'quantity of labour', origin O. Left diagram: an…

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Question 15 · 1 mark · National income and the macroeconomy - the multiplier

An initial injection into the circular flow of income causes a much larger increase in GDP. What does this define? A autonomous investment B demand-pull inflation C the…

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Question 16 · 1 mark · National income and the macroeconomy - consumption and saving

An increase in a country's inflation rate causes real incomes to decline, but consumers decide to maintain their living standards. What has increased? A autonomous consumer…

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Question 17 · 1 mark · Fiscal policy - automatic stabilisers

Which combination of income tax and government benefit payment systems will produce automatic stabilisation? income tax benefit payments system --- --- --- A progressive means…

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Question 18 · 1 mark · Economic growth and sustainability - the economic cycle

The diagram shows the actual and forecast changes in GDP for a country between 2020 and 2040. [Diagram: vertical axis 'GDP $', horizontal axis 'year' marked 2020, 2025, 2030,…

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Question 19 · 1 mark · Monetary policy - quantitative easing and the transmission mechanism

The diagram outlines the monetary transmission mechanism following quantitative easing. Key words have been omitted from the process. central bank ...1... government assets ↓…

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Question 20 · 1 mark · Unemployment - hysteresis

A government decreases interest rates to reduce unemployment but finds this has little effect due to hysteresis. What causes this hysteresis? A capital investment increases B…

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Question 21 · 1 mark · Government macroeconomic policy objectives - stable prices

In a closed economy, the central bank raises interest rates to reduce an increasing rate of inflation. Which macroeconomic policy objective is this targeting? A a surplus on the…

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Question 22 · 1 mark · Inflation and deflation - causes of inflation

A government sets a target for the annual rate of inflation to be no more than 3%. Which circumstances would make it difficult to achieve the target? A if devaluation of the…

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Question 23 · 1 mark · Monetary policy - interest rates and the value of money

The central bank of a country decreases interest rates. What are the likely consequences? internal value of the currency external value of the currency --- --- --- A falls falls B…

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Question 24 · 1 mark · Fiscal policy - government (national) debt and crowding out

What is the most likely consequence when there is an increase in the national debt? A the creation of additional money B a current account deficit on the balance of payments C a…

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Question 25 · 1 mark · The macroeconomy - policies to redistribute income and wealth

Which policy will help to reduce income inequality? A to increase indirect taxes B to increase trade union power C to increase the rate of interest D to reduce welfare payments

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Question 26 · 1 mark · Exchange rates - fixed and floating exchange rate systems

The value of the currency of an open economy with a fixed exchange rate is significantly below its purchasing power parity value. If the economy decides to adopt a floating…

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Question 27 · 1 mark · The balance of payments - policies to correct imbalances

Which policy will help to correct a deficit on the current account of the balance of payments? A decreasing direct taxes B decreasing government regulations C increasing exchange…

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Question 28 · 1 mark · Economic growth and development - measures of development (HDI)

The table shows possible changes in population, the rate of inflation and the number of years of education. Which combination would lead to an increase in both real GDP per capita…

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Question 29 · 1 mark · International economic issues - the infant industry argument and trade protection

The following are four conditions sometimes attached to IMF loans to low-income countries. Which condition would conflict with the 'infant industry' argument? A the need to allow…

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Question 30 · 1 mark · International economic issues - economic integration (customs unions)

Countries X and Y form a customs union which leads to a removal of tariffs between the countries. The diagram shows the effect on the market for wheat in country X. [Diagram:…

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